Consistent with previous findings normally and count to in multiples of five. It is very Baumeister et al. Importantly, however, likely to require greater self-control than the control participants who formed implementation intentions in task because of the difficulty of co-ordinating balance relation to the Stroop task showed comparable persis- and a complex numerical task.
It appears that implemen- Immediately after completion of the first task, par- tation intentions prevented self-regulatory depletion. The Baumeister et al. The manipulation of im- early termination could in fact represent a higher form plementation intentions was identical to that employed of self-regulation. However, this interpretation relies on in Experiment 1.
The time taken to complete all five the assumption that participants recognize that the cards and the error rate were recorded and served as the puzzles were are unsolvable. Contrary to this idea, all of dependent variables. None of the participants suspected per- participants who formed implementation intentions. However, what can be done to help the person who is already depleted?
Experiment 2 examines whether the Results formation of implementation intentions can offset the decrement in subsequent performance associated with Manipulation check having been ego-depleted during an initial task. Participants Performance on the dependent variables Fifty-seven undergraduate students participated on a voluntary basis.
Participants were individually tested in The main dependent variable was how long partici- a single session. Finally, there was a significant interaction between ego-depletion and im- Completion time Formed Find- Not formed Finally, there was a significant interaction the idea that implementation intentions can offset the between ego-depletion and implementation intentions, effects of ego-depletion on performance.
The main nificantly better than similarly depleted participants who effect of implementation intentions and the interaction did not form implementation intentions. The main effects and 1 An alternative possibility is that the dual balance-and-maths task interaction term were non-significant in the case of had simply induced fatigue rather than manipulated ego-depletion. We anticipated that participants in this condition would be covariance ANCOVA was conducted using valence as fatigued, but would not be ego-depleted since they did not have to a covariate.
The results were unchanged. There was a override their tiredness and simultaneously perform the maths task. Thus, well on the Stroop task; forming an implementation in- mood does not provide an alternative explanation for tention conferred no extra benefit on performance for the effects of ego-depletion observed here.
Consistent with this idea, This is the first demonstration of the efficacy of evidence suggests that implementation intentions are forming implementation intentions in overcoming ego- particularly beneficial for participants with low motiva- depletion.
However, forming an implemen- A final issue that should be addressed concerns the tation intention that specified a strategy for responding implications of the present findings for research on to incongruent Stroop stimuli increased persistence on preventing ego-depletion.
Muraven, Baumeister, and the unsolvable puzzles to the level shown by non-de- Tice drew an analogy between ego-depletion and pleted participants. In Experiment 2, participants first loss of muscular strength and suggested that one way to performed a balance-and-maths dual task under ego- prevent ego-depletion would be to repeatedly exercise depletion versus control conditions and subsequently self-control, thereby training the self-control resource in completed a Stroop task.
Again, ego-depleted par- a manner akin to muscle-building. In a longitudinal ticipants performed worse on the subsequent task. Compared to a no exercise control group, performed as well as non-depleted controls. Taken to- participants who performed the exercises showed less gether, these experiments show that forming imple- vulnerability to ego-depletion, as measured by perfor- mentation intentions can both prevent, and offset, the mance on a handgrip task.
Although self-control train- performance deficits associated with ego-depletion. In contrast, the present that self-control is a limited resource. Our findings also studies have demonstrated that a single act of will provided support for the mechanisms that are thought can have the same benefits for the person. Moreover, to be responsible for the effects of ego-depletion.
Bau- implementation intentions provide a self-regulatory meister et al. Findings from Muraven et al. In contrast, nega- Acknowledgments tive mood was not reliably associated with, or a marker for, ego-depletion. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of The most important finding of the present research is Luke Stableford with data collection. This research was that forming implementation intentions can overcome supported by an ESRC award to the first author.
Thus, the formation of Aarts, H. To plan or not to an implementation intention removed the drain on the plan? Goal achievement or interrupting the performance of self-control resource usually imposed by the Stroop mundane behaviors. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, task. However, an important question remains, namely, — Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, — The most Baumeister, R.
Losing plausible explanation in our view is that non-depleted control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. London: participants possessed sufficient motivation to perform Academic Press.
Imple- Muraven, M. Self-regulation and mentation intentions and efficient action initiation. Journal of depletion of limited resources. Does self-control resemble a muscle? Personality and Social Psychology, 81, — Psychological Bulletin, , — Cattell, J.
The time it takes to see and name objects. Mind, Muraven, M. Longitudinal 11, 63— Automatic activation of control strength through repeated exercise. The Journal of Social impression formation and memorization goals: Non-conscious goal Psychology, , — Journal of Muraven, M. Self-control as Personality and Social Psychology, 71, — Journal of Fawcett, A. Impaired Personality and Social Psychology, 74, — COOK tasks.
Annals of Dyslexia, 46, — CD Gollwitzer, P. Goal achievement: The role of intentions. Sheeran, P. Stroebe Eds. The volitional benefits of planning.
Bargh Eds. New York: Sheeran, P. Implementation intentions and Guilford. Implementation intentions: Strong effects of of planned behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, — Meta-cognition in action: The Sheeran, P. Using implementation intentions to importance of implementation intentions. Personality and Social increase attendance for cervical cancer screening. Health Psychol- Psychology Review, 2, — Lengfelder, A.
Reflective and reflexive Smets, E. Journal of Psychoso- Logan, G. Attention and automaticity in Stroop and matic Research, 39, Self-control depletion impairs goal maintenance: A meta-analysis. Ego depletion improves insight. Ego depletion is thought to undermine the capacity or willingness to … Expand. View 1 excerpt, cites methods. Adapting to an initial self-regulatory task cancels the ego depletion effect.
View 1 excerpt, cites background. Carrying on or giving in: the role of automatic processes in overcoming ego depletion. Overcoming ego depletion : The influence of exemplar priming on self-control performance. Self-regulation research suggested that active self-control depends on a limited resource. Therefore the capacity for self-control is lower among people who already exercised control, a phenomenon … Expand.
Action orientation overcomes the ego depletion effect. Ego-depletion 1 Ego-depletion: Theory and Evidence. Self-control all too often fails. The ego-depletion effect was originally found to be highly robust and has often been explained through the strength model of self-control.
This model states that exerting self-control depletes a … Expand. Ego depletion: is the active self a limited resource? Highly Influential. View 14 excerpts, references background, results and methods.
To plan or not to plan? Goal achievement or interrupting the performance of mundane behaviors. The present experiment investigated cognitive and behavioral effects of planning i. Participants … Expand. View 1 excerpt, references background. View 6 excerpts, references background. Implementation intentions and efficient action initiation. Goal Achievement: The Role of Intentions. The intention-to-behavior process is analyzed with respect to implementation intentions.
These intentions link an intended goal-directed behavior to an anticipated situational context. The reported … Expand. View 2 excerpts, references background and methods. Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans.
When people encounter problems in translating their goals into action e.
0コメント